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A community settlement ((ヘブライ語:יישוב קהילתי), ''Yishuv Kehilati'') is a type of village in Israel and the West Bank. While in an ordinary town anyone may buy property, in a community settlement the village's residents, who are organized in a cooperative, can veto a sale of a house or a business to an undesirable buyer. By this selection process, residents of a community settlement may have a particular shared ideology, religious perspective, or desired lifestyle which they wish to perpetuate by accepting only like-minded individuals. For example, a family-oriented community settlement that wishes to avoid becoming a retirement community may choose to accept only young married couples as new residents. As distinct from the traditional Israeli development village typified by the kibbutz and moshav, the community settlement, though emerging in the 1970s as a non-political movement for new urban settlements in Israel,〔Aharon Kellerman, (''Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century,'' ) SUNY Press 2012 pp.94-102.〕 essentially took shape as a new typology for settling the West Bank and the Galilee as part of the aim of establishing a 'demographic balance' between Jews and Arabs.〔 In 2013, there were 118 community settlements with total population of 84,800 residents.〔http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton65/st02_21x.pdf〕 ==History== The first community settlement in Israel was Neve Monosson, in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area which was established in 1953. From 1977, the Likud led government supported expansion in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and in a few years, community settlements were the most common localities in those regions. In 1981, the first such town, Timrat was established in the Galilee region.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.peopleil.org/DetailsEn.aspx?itemID=7874 )〕 According to Gershom Gorenberg, the term was adopted for a type of West Bank Israeli settlement by a 'maverick planner' in the Gush Emunim movement with regard to the settlement of Ofra, which was to form the model for later community settlements, whose founders wished to create a community that broke with the socialist model, one where people could farm privately, run businesses, or use the exclusive exurb village to commute to work in the metropolis. All residents were to share an "ideological-social background", and planning envisaged nuclear family housing in an amenable natural ambiance. The sum total of people in any such community was envisaged as being restricted to no more than a few hundred families.〔Gershom Gorenberg, ( ''Occupied Territories: The Untold Story of Israel's Settlements,'' ) I.B.Tauris, 2006 pp.353,368.〕 A seminal role in the extension of the model into the Palestinian territories was played by the World Zionist Organization (WZO) and Amanah, Gush Emunim's settlement branch in the West Bank.〔Eyal Weizman, (''Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation,'' ) Verso Books, 2012 pp.125-130.〕〔 Recognition of these exurbs as community settlements developed only gradually, since they differed from the standard establishmentarian norms of being 'cooperative' and 'productive'.〔 Gush Emunim pushed this type of settlement, designed in dense networks, because it was best suited to hilly terrain, where agricultural and water resources were poor, and the density of Palestinian habitation high. Life was based on family networks and partial cooperation, adapted to housing white-collar people with jobs in Israel.〔Elisha Efrat, (''The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement,'' ) Routledge 2006 pp.31,37-8, pp95-6.〕 According to Elisha Efrat, Gush Emunim aimed to make an irreversible reality in the Palestinian territories.〔 The mountain strip community settlements were developed in two strategically parallel lines: the first central string of settlements runs parallel to the main road connecting the 6 major Palestinian cities of Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, East Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Hebron, while the second, east to the watershed, runs parallel to the Allon Highway. The objective of this design is to create blockages hindering Palestinians from expanding their towns in the diredction of the road, and impeding the conurbation of their communities lying on either sides of the road.〔 The concept was institutionalized in the Drobless Plan (1978) drawn up by the WZO, which set down the guidelines for thwarting the establishment of a Palestinian state on the West Bank.〔Leila Farsakh, (''Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation,'' ) Routledge 2005 pp.48-51.〕 The first community settlement, Ofra, being established only in 1975, and four of the first five were unauthorized.〔 The reevaluation and recognition of such settlements as cooperative associations was based on the ascendancy to government of the Likud party, which seconded the rapid growth of closed exurbs in which religious nationalists played a dominant role.〔〔 Gush Emunim plan was eventually adopted by both the World Zionist Organization and Israel's Ministry of Agriculture.〔 With the ascendancy of the Likud Party, community settlements experienced rapid expansion: by 1987, they numbered 95〔 and two years later, most of the 115 settlements established were of this kind.〔 Nonetheless, settlements of this kind proved attractive to "quality of life" secularists for whom easy commuting to their metropolitan workplaces and the low cost of housing in settlements was an notable incentive for moving to such settlements.〔 Community settlements are in Israeli legal terms cooperative associations: in practice they have been defined as 'private, members-only suburban village(s)'.〔 While in an ordinary village anyone may buy property, in a ''community settlement'' the village's residents, who are organized in a cooperative, can veto a sale of a house or a business to an undesirable buyer. Each community settlement has its own selection process for admitting residents, together with mechanisms for monitoring all aspects of communal life, from religious observance, ideological rigour to how one uses the land outside one's home.〔 Warnings accompany observed failures to live up to the principles of the community, and, if not taken into account, can lead to expulsion.〔 The design of these principles arose out of a perceived necessity of impeding Palestinian Israelis from residing in such settlements. 〔 monitoring may have a particular shared ideology, religious perspective, or desired lifestyle which they wish to perpetuate by accepting only like-minded individuals.〔 In West Bank community settlements, single-family housing with private yards, emblems of status, often prevail.〔 Another characteristic is that, unlike kibbutzim and moshavim, community settlements generally lack agriculture and depend heavily on commuting for employment.〔 In this sense, they serve primarily as dormitory towns or quarters.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Community settlement (Israel)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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